Melampsorella elatina . a–d. On Abies alba: a1, a2. Witches’ broom with unfurling shoots in spring and with fully developed needles in early summer, originating from the upper side of a healthy branch; b. Smaller witches’ broom; c. Comparison of a healthy twig (left) and an infected twig with aecia; d1, d2. Aecia hypophyllous, with orange spore mass; e–f. Uredinia on Caryophyllaceae: e. On Rabelera holostea; f. On Stellaria nemorum; (a, d1 by Walter Obermayer; e, f by Julia Kruse).