Aeciospores of the Puccinia-Uromyces complex: a. Puccinia poae-aposeridis on Aposeris foetida; view into an open aecidioid aecium showing the uppermost spore of each chain with an apical cap (arrows) surrounded by a broad zone of larger warts and a few dehiscent plugs; b. Uromyces alpinus on Ranunculus cf. montanus; single aeciospore with a smooth apical cap (arrow) surrounded by a ring of fine warts followed by a belt of larger warts and mostly detached plugs; the basal hemisphere carries uniform fine warts; c. Puccinia bromina subsp. symphyti-bromorum on Pulmonaria australis; note the simple smooth warts with rounded tops and the germ pore beside its detached plug (arrow); d. Puccinia recondita s.l. on Thalictrum aquilegiifolium; broken aeciospore wall with similar cylindrical warts in side view; (a–c from Zwetko and Blanz 2018: 274, 275, 282; d by Paul Blanz).